struct
--- 將位元組直譯為打包起來的二進位資料¶
原始碼:Lib/struct.py
This module converts between Python values and C structs represented
as Python bytes
objects. Compact format strings
describe the intended conversions to/from Python values.
The module's functions and objects can be used for two largely
distinct applications, data exchange with external sources (files or
network connections), or data transfer between the Python application
and the C layer.
備註
When no prefix character is given, native mode is the default. It packs or unpacks data based on the platform and compiler on which the Python interpreter was built. The result of packing a given C struct includes pad bytes which maintain proper alignment for the C types involved; similarly, alignment is taken into account when unpacking. In contrast, when communicating data between external sources, the programmer is responsible for defining byte ordering and padding between elements. See Byte Order, Size, and Alignment for details.
Several struct
functions (and methods of Struct
) take a buffer
argument. This refers to objects that implement the 緩衝協定 (Buffer Protocol) and
provide either a readable or read-writable buffer. The most common types used
for that purpose are bytes
and bytearray
, but many other types
that can be viewed as an array of bytes implement the buffer protocol, so that
they can be read/filled without additional copying from a bytes
object.
函式與例外¶
The module defines the following exception and functions:
- exception struct.error¶
Exception raised on various occasions; argument is a string describing what is wrong.
- struct.pack(format, v1, v2, ...)¶
Return a bytes object containing the values v1, v2, ... packed according to the format string format. The arguments must match the values required by the format exactly.
- struct.pack_into(format, buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)¶
Pack the values v1, v2, ... according to the format string format and write the packed bytes into the writable buffer buffer starting at position offset. Note that offset is a required argument.
- struct.unpack(format, buffer)¶
Unpack from the buffer buffer (presumably packed by
pack(format, ...)
) according to the format string format. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The buffer's size in bytes must match the size required by the format, as reflected bycalcsize()
.
- struct.unpack_from(format, /, buffer, offset=0)¶
Unpack from buffer starting at position offset, according to the format string format. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The buffer's size in bytes, starting at position offset, must be at least the size required by the format, as reflected by
calcsize()
.
- struct.iter_unpack(format, buffer)¶
Iteratively unpack from the buffer buffer according to the format string format. This function returns an iterator which will read equally sized chunks from the buffer until all its contents have been consumed. The buffer's size in bytes must be a multiple of the size required by the format, as reflected by
calcsize()
.Each iteration yields a tuple as specified by the format string.
在 3.4 版被加入.
- struct.calcsize(format)¶
Return the size of the struct (and hence of the bytes object produced by
pack(format, ...)
) corresponding to the format string format.
Format Strings¶
Format strings describe the data layout when packing and unpacking data. They are built up from format characters, which specify the type of data being packed/unpacked. In addition, special characters control the byte order, size and alignment. Each format string consists of an optional prefix character which describes the overall properties of the data and one or more format characters which describe the actual data values and padding.
Byte Order, Size, and Alignment¶
By default, C types are represented in the machine's native format and byte order, and properly aligned by skipping pad bytes if necessary (according to the rules used by the C compiler). This behavior is chosen so that the bytes of a packed struct correspond exactly to the memory layout of the corresponding C struct. Whether to use native byte ordering and padding or standard formats depends on the application.
Alternatively, the first character of the format string can be used to indicate the byte order, size and alignment of the packed data, according to the following table:
Character |
Byte order |
Size |
Alignment |
---|---|---|---|
|
native |
native |
native |
|
native |
standard |
none |
|
little-endian |
standard |
none |
|
big-endian |
standard |
none |
|
network (= big-endian) |
standard |
none |
If the first character is not one of these, '@'
is assumed.
備註
The number 1023 (0x3ff
in hexadecimal) has the following byte representations:
03 ff
in big-endian (>
)ff 03
in little-endian (<
)
Python example:
>>> import struct
>>> struct.pack('>h', 1023)
b'\x03\xff'
>>> struct.pack('<h', 1023)
b'\xff\x03'
Native byte order is big-endian or little-endian, depending on the
host system. For example, Intel x86, AMD64 (x86-64), and Apple M1 are
little-endian; IBM z and many legacy architectures are big-endian.
Use sys.byteorder
to check the endianness of your system.
Native size and alignment are determined using the C compiler's
sizeof
expression. This is always combined with native byte order.
Standard size depends only on the format character; see the table in the Format Characters section.
Note the difference between '@'
and '='
: both use native byte order, but
the size and alignment of the latter is standardized.
The form '!'
represents the network byte order which is always big-endian
as defined in IETF RFC 1700.
There is no way to indicate non-native byte order (force byte-swapping); use the
appropriate choice of '<'
or '>'
.
註解:
Padding is only automatically added between successive structure members. No padding is added at the beginning or the end of the encoded struct.
No padding is added when using non-native size and alignment, e.g. with '<', '>', '=', and '!'.
To align the end of a structure to the alignment requirement of a particular type, end the format with the code for that type with a repeat count of zero. See 範例.
Format Characters¶
Format characters have the following meaning; the conversion between C and
Python values should be obvious given their types. The 'Standard size' column
refers to the size of the packed value in bytes when using standard size; that
is, when the format string starts with one of '<'
, '>'
, '!'
or
'='
. When using native size, the size of the packed value is
platform-dependent.
Format |
C Type |
Python type |
Standard size |
註解 |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
pad byte |
no value |
(7) |
|
|
char |
bytes of length 1 |
1 |
|
|
signed char |
integer |
1 |
(1), (2) |
|
unsigned char |
integer |
1 |
(2) |
|
_Bool |
bool |
1 |
(1) |
|
short |
integer |
2 |
(2) |
|
unsigned short |
integer |
2 |
(2) |
|
int |
integer |
4 |
(2) |
|
unsigned int |
integer |
4 |
(2) |
|
long |
integer |
4 |
(2) |
|
unsigned long |
integer |
4 |
(2) |
|
long long |
integer |
8 |
(2) |
|
unsigned long long |
integer |
8 |
(2) |
|
|
integer |
(3) |
|
|
|
integer |
(3) |
|
|
(6) |
float |
2 |
(4) |
|
float |
float |
4 |
(4) |
|
double |
float |
8 |
(4) |
|
char[] |
bytes |
(9) |
|
|
char[] |
bytes |
(8) |
|
|
void* |
integer |
(5) |
在 3.3 版的變更: 新增 'n'
與 'N'
格式的支援。
在 3.6 版的變更: 新增 'e'
格式的支援。
註解:
The
'?'
conversion code corresponds to the _Bool type defined by C standards since C99. In standard mode, it is represented by one byte.When attempting to pack a non-integer using any of the integer conversion codes, if the non-integer has a
__index__()
method then that method is called to convert the argument to an integer before packing.在 3.2 版的變更: Added use of the
__index__()
method for non-integers.The
'n'
and'N'
conversion codes are only available for the native size (selected as the default or with the'@'
byte order character). For the standard size, you can use whichever of the other integer formats fits your application.For the
'f'
,'d'
and'e'
conversion codes, the packed representation uses the IEEE 754 binary32, binary64 or binary16 format (for'f'
,'d'
or'e'
respectively), regardless of the floating-point format used by the platform.The
'P'
format character is only available for the native byte ordering (selected as the default or with the'@'
byte order character). The byte order character'='
chooses to use little- or big-endian ordering based on the host system. The struct module does not interpret this as native ordering, so the'P'
format is not available.The IEEE 754 binary16 "half precision" type was introduced in the 2008 revision of the IEEE 754 standard. It has a sign bit, a 5-bit exponent and 11-bit precision (with 10 bits explicitly stored), and can represent numbers between approximately
6.1e-05
and6.5e+04
at full precision. This type is not widely supported by C compilers: on a typical machine, an unsigned short can be used for storage, but not for math operations. See the Wikipedia page on the half-precision floating-point format for more information.When packing,
'x'
inserts one NUL byte.The
'p'
format character encodes a "Pascal string", meaning a short variable-length string stored in a fixed number of bytes, given by the count. The first byte stored is the length of the string, or 255, whichever is smaller. The bytes of the string follow. If the string passed in topack()
is too long (longer than the count minus 1), only the leadingcount-1
bytes of the string are stored. If the string is shorter thancount-1
, it is padded with null bytes so that exactly count bytes in all are used. Note that forunpack()
, the'p'
format character consumescount
bytes, but that the string returned can never contain more than 255 bytes.For the
's'
format character, the count is interpreted as the length of the bytes, not a repeat count like for the other format characters; for example,'10s'
means a single 10-byte string mapping to or from a single Python byte string, while'10c'
means 10 separate one byte character elements (e.g.,cccccccccc
) mapping to or from ten different Python byte objects. (See 範例 for a concrete demonstration of the difference.) If a count is not given, it defaults to 1. For packing, the string is truncated or padded with null bytes as appropriate to make it fit. For unpacking, the resulting bytes object always has exactly the specified number of bytes. As a special case,'0s'
means a single, empty string (while'0c'
means 0 characters).
A format character may be preceded by an integral repeat count. For example,
the format string '4h'
means exactly the same as 'hhhh'
.
Whitespace characters between formats are ignored; a count and its format must not contain whitespace though.
When packing a value x
using one of the integer formats ('b'
,
'B'
, 'h'
, 'H'
, 'i'
, 'I'
, 'l'
, 'L'
,
'q'
, 'Q'
), if x
is outside the valid range for that format
then struct.error
is raised.
在 3.1 版的變更: Previously, some of the integer formats wrapped out-of-range values and
raised DeprecationWarning
instead of struct.error
.
For the '?'
format character, the return value is either True
or
False
. When packing, the truth value of the argument object is used.
Either 0 or 1 in the native or standard bool representation will be packed, and
any non-zero value will be True
when unpacking.
範例¶
備註
Native byte order examples (designated by the '@'
format prefix or
lack of any prefix character) may not match what the reader's
machine produces as
that depends on the platform and compiler.
Pack and unpack integers of three different sizes, using big endian ordering:
>>> from struct import *
>>> pack(">bhl", 1, 2, 3)
b'\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
>>> unpack('>bhl', b'\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03')
(1, 2, 3)
>>> calcsize('>bhl')
7
Attempt to pack an integer which is too large for the defined field:
>>> pack(">h", 99999)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
struct.error: 'h' format requires -32768 <= number <= 32767
Demonstrate the difference between 's'
and 'c'
format
characters:
>>> pack("@ccc", b'1', b'2', b'3')
b'123'
>>> pack("@3s", b'123')
b'123'
Unpacked fields can be named by assigning them to variables or by wrapping the result in a named tuple:
>>> record = b'raymond \x32\x12\x08\x01\x08'
>>> name, serialnum, school, gradelevel = unpack('<10sHHb', record)
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Student = namedtuple('Student', 'name serialnum school gradelevel')
>>> Student._make(unpack('<10sHHb', record))
Student(name=b'raymond ', serialnum=4658, school=264, gradelevel=8)
The ordering of format characters may have an impact on size in native
mode since padding is implicit. In standard mode, the user is
responsible for inserting any desired padding.
Note in
the first pack
call below that three NUL bytes were added after the
packed '#'
to align the following integer on a four-byte boundary.
In this example, the output was produced on a little endian machine:
>>> pack('@ci', b'#', 0x12131415)
b'#\x00\x00\x00\x15\x14\x13\x12'
>>> pack('@ic', 0x12131415, b'#')
b'\x15\x14\x13\x12#'
>>> calcsize('@ci')
8
>>> calcsize('@ic')
5
The following format 'llh0l'
results in two pad bytes being added
at the end, assuming the platform's longs are aligned on 4-byte boundaries:
>>> pack('@llh0l', 1, 2, 3)
b'\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x00'
Applications¶
Two main applications for the struct
module exist, data
interchange between Python and C code within an application or another
application compiled using the same compiler (native formats), and
data interchange between applications using agreed upon data layout
(standard formats). Generally speaking, the format strings
constructed for these two domains are distinct.
Native Formats¶
When constructing format strings which mimic native layouts, the
compiler and machine architecture determine byte ordering and padding.
In such cases, the @
format character should be used to specify
native byte ordering and data sizes. Internal pad bytes are normally inserted
automatically. It is possible that a zero-repeat format code will be
needed at the end of a format string to round up to the correct
byte boundary for proper alignment of consecutive chunks of data.
Consider these two simple examples (on a 64-bit, little-endian machine):
>>> calcsize('@lhl')
24
>>> calcsize('@llh')
18
Data is not padded to an 8-byte boundary at the end of the second format string without the use of extra padding. A zero-repeat format code solves that problem:
>>> calcsize('@llh0l')
24
The 'x'
format code can be used to specify the repeat, but for
native formats it is better to use a zero-repeat format like '0l'
.
By default, native byte ordering and alignment is used, but it is
better to be explicit and use the '@'
prefix character.
Standard Formats¶
When exchanging data beyond your process such as networking or storage,
be precise. Specify the exact byte order, size, and alignment. Do
not assume they match the native order of a particular machine.
For example, network byte order is big-endian, while many popular CPUs
are little-endian. By defining this explicitly, the user need not
care about the specifics of the platform their code is running on.
The first character should typically be <
or >
(or !
). Padding is the responsibility of the programmer. The
zero-repeat format character won't work. Instead, the user must
explicitly add 'x'
pad bytes where needed. Revisiting the
examples from the previous section, we have:
>>> calcsize('<qh6xq')
24
>>> pack('<qh6xq', 1, 2, 3) == pack('@lhl', 1, 2, 3)
True
>>> calcsize('@llh')
18
>>> pack('@llh', 1, 2, 3) == pack('<qqh', 1, 2, 3)
True
>>> calcsize('<qqh6x')
24
>>> calcsize('@llh0l')
24
>>> pack('@llh0l', 1, 2, 3) == pack('<qqh6x', 1, 2, 3)
True
The above results (executed on a 64-bit machine) aren't guaranteed to match when executed on different machines. For example, the examples below were executed on a 32-bit machine:
>>> calcsize('<qqh6x')
24
>>> calcsize('@llh0l')
12
>>> pack('@llh0l', 1, 2, 3) == pack('<qqh6x', 1, 2, 3)
False
Classes¶
The struct
module also defines the following type:
- class struct.Struct(format)¶
Return a new Struct object which writes and reads binary data according to the format string format. Creating a
Struct
object once and calling its methods is more efficient than calling module-level functions with the same format since the format string is only compiled once.備註
The compiled versions of the most recent format strings passed to the module-level functions are cached, so programs that use only a few format strings needn't worry about reusing a single
Struct
instance.Compiled Struct objects support the following methods and attributes:
- pack(v1, v2, ...)¶
Identical to the
pack()
function, using the compiled format. (len(result)
will equalsize
.)
- pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)¶
Identical to the
pack_into()
function, using the compiled format.
- unpack(buffer)¶
Identical to the
unpack()
function, using the compiled format. The buffer's size in bytes must equalsize
.
- unpack_from(buffer, offset=0)¶
Identical to the
unpack_from()
function, using the compiled format. The buffer's size in bytes, starting at position offset, must be at leastsize
.
- iter_unpack(buffer)¶
Identical to the
iter_unpack()
function, using the compiled format. The buffer's size in bytes must be a multiple ofsize
.在 3.4 版被加入.
- format¶
The format string used to construct this Struct object.
- size¶
The calculated size of the struct (and hence of the bytes object produced by the
pack()
method) corresponding toformat
.
在 3.13 版的變更: The repr() of structs has changed. It is now:
>>> Struct('i') Struct('i')