contextvars --- 情境變數

---

This module provides APIs to manage, store, and access context-local state. The ContextVar class is used to declare and work with Context Variables. The copy_context() function and the Context class should be used to manage the current context in asynchronous frameworks.

Context managers that have state should use Context Variables instead of threading.local() to prevent their state from bleeding to other code unexpectedly, when used in concurrent code.

額外資訊請見 PEP 567。

在 3.7 版被加入.

Context Variables

class contextvars.ContextVar(name[, *, default])

This class is used to declare a new Context Variable, e.g.:

var: ContextVar[int] = ContextVar('var', default=42)

The required name parameter is used for introspection and debug purposes.

The optional keyword-only default parameter is returned by ContextVar.get() when no value for the variable is found in the current context.

Important: Context Variables should be created at the top module level and never in closures. Context objects hold strong references to context variables which prevents context variables from being properly garbage collected.

name

The name of the variable. This is a read-only property.

在 3.7.1 版被加入.

get([default])

Return a value for the context variable for the current context.

If there is no value for the variable in the current context, the method will:

• return the value of the default argument of the method, if provided; or

• return the default value for the context variable, if it was created with one; or

• raise a LookupError.

set(value)

Call to set a new value for the context variable in the current context.

The required value argument is the new value for the context variable.

Returns a Token object that can be used to restore the variable to its previous value via the ContextVar.reset() method.

reset(token)

Reset the context variable to the value it had before the ContextVar.set() that created the token was used.

舉例來說：

var = ContextVar('var')

token = var.set('new value')
# code that uses 'var'; var.get() returns 'new value'.
var.reset(token)

# After the reset call the var has no value again, so
# var.get() would raise a LookupError.

class contextvars.Token

Token objects are returned by the ContextVar.set() method. They can be passed to the ContextVar.reset() method to revert the value of the variable to what it was before the corresponding set.

var

A read-only property. Points to the ContextVar object that created the token.

old_value

A read-only property. Set to the value the variable had before the ContextVar.set() method call that created the token. It points to Token.MISSING if the variable was not set before the call.

MISSING

A marker object used by Token.old_value.

Manual Context Management

contextvars.copy_context()

Returns a copy of the current Context object.

The following snippet gets a copy of the current context and prints all variables and their values that are set in it:

ctx: Context = copy_context()
print(list(ctx.items()))

The function has an O(1) complexity, i.e. works equally fast for contexts with a few context variables and for contexts that have a lot of them.

class contextvars.Context

A mapping of ContextVars to their values.

Context() creates an empty context with no values in it. To get a copy of the current context use the copy_context() function.

Every thread will have a different top-level Context object. This means that a ContextVar object behaves in a similar fashion to threading.local() when values are assigned in different threads.

Context implements the collections.abc.Mapping interface.

run(callable, *args, **kwargs)

Execute callable(*args, **kwargs) code in the context object the run method is called on. Return the result of the execution or propagate an exception if one occurred.

Any changes to any context variables that callable makes will be contained in the context object:

var = ContextVar('var')
var.set('spam')

def main():
    # 'var' was set to 'spam' before
    # calling 'copy_context()' and 'ctx.run(main)', so:
    # var.get() == ctx[var] == 'spam'

    var.set('ham')

    # Now, after setting 'var' to 'ham':
    # var.get() == ctx[var] == 'ham'

ctx = copy_context()

# Any changes that the 'main' function makes to 'var'
# will be contained in 'ctx'.
ctx.run(main)

# The 'main()' function was run in the 'ctx' context,
# so changes to 'var' are contained in it:
# ctx[var] == 'ham'

# However, outside of 'ctx', 'var' is still set to 'spam':
# var.get() == 'spam'

The method raises a RuntimeError when called on the same context object from more than one OS thread, or when called recursively.

copy()

Return a shallow copy of the context object.

var in context

Return True if the context has a value for var set; return False otherwise.

context[var]

Return the value of the var ContextVar variable. If the variable is not set in the context object, a KeyError is raised.

get(var[, default])

Return the value for var if var has the value in the context object. Return default otherwise. If default is not given, return None.

iter(context)

Return an iterator over the variables stored in the context object.

len(proxy)

Return the number of variables set in the context object.

keys()

Return a list of all variables in the context object.

values()

Return a list of all variables' values in the context object.

items()

Return a list of 2-tuples containing all variables and their values in the context object.

asyncio support

Context variables are natively supported in asyncio and are ready to be used without any extra configuration. For example, here is a simple echo server, that uses a context variable to make the address of a remote client available in the Task that handles that client:

import asyncio
import contextvars

client_addr_var = contextvars.ContextVar('client_addr')

def render_goodbye():
    # The address of the currently handled client can be accessed
    # without passing it explicitly to this function.

    client_addr = client_addr_var.get()
    return f'Good bye, client @ {client_addr}\r\n'.encode()

async def handle_request(reader, writer):
    addr = writer.transport.get_extra_info('socket').getpeername()
    client_addr_var.set(addr)

    # In any code that we call is now possible to get
    # client's address by calling 'client_addr_var.get()'.

    while True:
        line = await reader.readline()
        print(line)
        if not line.strip():
            break

    writer.write(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n')  # status line
    writer.write(b'\r\n')  # headers
    writer.write(render_goodbye())  # body
    writer.close()

async def main():
    srv = await asyncio.start_server(
        handle_request, '127.0.0.1', 8081)

    async with srv:
        await srv.serve_forever()

asyncio.run(main())

# To test it you can use telnet or curl:
#     telnet 127.0.0.1 8081
#     curl 127.0.0.1:8081